Published by the U.S. Air Force Space Command's Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC) "The SMC-S-017 “Lithium-ion battery for spacecraft applications” standard describes procedures for the development, testing, storage, processing, and use of lithium-ion batteries for military spacecraft. Compliance with this standard is designed to ensure proper performance of batteries and to protect against pre-flight degradation and premature failure during operational use in space, launch, and upper-stage vehicles.
This standard is designed to harmonize applicable military spacecraft acquisition and development to include common requirements and practices necessary to ensure successful lithium-ion battery operation during space missions. Battery components such as the battery, battery module, charge control electronics, bypass switch, heaters, and temperature sensors are expected to be procured to sub-level qualification documents that define design, process and quality controls, and qualification and acceptance testing requirements.
In the event of a conflict between this standard and the AIAA electrical power systems for unmanned space vehicles standard or the space battery standard, this standard takes precedence over any battery-related definitions or requirements.
A battery is an assembly of battery cells or modules electrically connected (usually in series) to provide a desired voltage and current capacity from a single-cell batch. Typically, the cells are physically integrated into a single assembly or battery or into several separate assemblies or modules. The battery may also include one or more additional components, such as electrical bypass devices, charge control electronics, heaters, temperature sensors, thermal switches, and thermal control elements.
Battery depth of discharge is the ratio of the number of watt-hours extracted from a battery to the battery's nominal energy for a defined charge voltage-current profile, discharge load profile, and temperature profile, multiplied by 100. For a lithium-ion battery, the depth of discharge should be specified in a state-of-charge process or a voltage associated with that process. For subcharged batteries, i.e., batteries that are not fully charged, the depth of discharge is the percentage of energy dissipated in discharge from the subcharge point.
The battery energy and energy reserve requirements for launch, orbital transfer, and on-orbit flow down through the electric power subsystem specification over the entire mission life. The battery energy is equal to the integral of the product of the discharge current and voltage. The integration limits are from the beginning of the discharge to the point where the minimum power subsystem battery voltage limit or the point at which the first cell reaches the lower cell voltage limit or a defined period of time is reached. This is a point-in-time energy value measured over a defined charge voltage-current profile, discharge load profile, and temperature profile. Battery discharge can be accomplished by constant current discharge, but constant power discharge is the preferred method if it more closely simulates spacecraft power.
Battery state of charge is the value obtained by multiplying the ratio of a value found in a battery to the nominal energy of the battery by 100 for a given charge voltage-current profile, discharge load profile and temperature profile.
Battery capacity is measured in units of ampere-hours. Battery capacity is equal to the integral of the discharge current, where the discharge current is a positive value. The limits of integration are from the beginning of discharge to the point where the minimum power subsystem battery voltage limit or the point at which the first cell reaches the lower cell voltage limit or a defined period of time is reached. This is a point-in-time capacity value measured over a defined charge voltage-current profile, discharge load profile, and temperature profile.
Adding electrolyte to a battery cell creates cell activation and starts the clock on the cell, module and battery service life. Used to define the beginning of battery shelf life.
A cell is a single-unit device within a cell casing that converts chemical energy into electrical energy at characteristic voltages when discharged. Battery cells are connected directly (usually in series) to form a battery. Battery cells are connected in series or in parallel to form a module, in which cases the modules are connected (usually in series) to form a battery.
A cell design is created according to a set of manufacturing control documents that define the material composition, dimensions, quantity, process, and process controls for each component in the cell. A change to the cell design is considered a different cell design that requires a separate qualification. A change to the cell design includes, but is not limited to:
The main test methods defined in this standard for lithium-ion batteries are:
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