The standard ISO 105-X16 Textiles - Tests for colour fastness - Part X16: Colour fastness to rubbing - Small areas" published by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) describes a method for determining the resistance of textiles to colour fading and staining by other materials, when it is necessary to select areas that are too small to be tested with the apparatus described in ISO 105-X12. According to this standard, two tests can be carried out, one with a dry scouring pad and the other with a wet scouring pad.
In applying these test methods, textile samples are principally rubbed with a dry scouring pad and a wet scouring pad. These methods are specifically designed for small areas of printed or otherwise coloured fabrics where it is necessary to select areas that are too small to be tested with the standard scouring device defined in the ISO 105-X12 method.
The equipment used in these tests includes:
If the textile to be tested is a fabric, samples no smaller than 25 mm × 25 mm are required. Additional samples can be used if higher precision is required.
If the textile to be tested is yarn or thread, it is knitted into the fabric to obtain samples of at least 25 mm × 25 mm or a layer of parallel threads is created by winding it longitudinally on a cardboard rectangle of appropriate dimensions.
Before testing, the sample and the scrubbing cloth are conditioned for at least 139 hours in the standard atmosphere defined in ISO 4. Alternative standard atmospheres defined in ISO 139 may only be used by agreement of the parties, in which case the alternative atmosphere used must be reported. Conditioning is carried out by placing each test sample and each piece of scrubbing cloth separately on a sieve or perforated rack. Some fabrics, such as cotton or wool, may require longer conditioning. For best results, tests should be carried out in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles.
When testing, the upper half of the rotary vertical machine is tilted to expose the rotary friction finger. The specimen is fixed at the point where the vertical bar contacts the base and the friction square is placed on the finger. The upper half of the machine is returned to the operating position with the friction cloth at the end of the shaft in contact with the test specimen. A weight is applied to the vertical shaft to give a downward force of 11,1 N plus/minus 0,5 N.
In the dry scrubbing method, the conditioned scrubbing cloth is placed flat on the tip of the scrubbing finger and the crank is rotated 20 times to produce 40 reciprocating revolutions of the vertical shaft. The crank is rotated at a rate of one revolution per second. The test square is removed and conditioned.
In the wet scrub method, a technique is created to prepare the scrub cloth by weighing a conditioned piece of cloth, then thoroughly soaking it in distilled water and weighing it again to ensure a 95 to 100 percent uptake. The standard scrubbing steps are followed. Since the level of wetting of the scrub cloth can significantly affect the ratings, other levels may be used.
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