The ratio of the solubility or dispersion of a substance between two immiscible, usually liquid phases is called the dispersion coefficient. This value is used as a measure of hydrophobicity (water aversion) or hydrophilicity (able to bind to water).
It is also called the partition coefficient. The partition coefficient is the ratio of the concentrations of non-ionized species of a compound in a mixture of two immiscible phases. The distribution coefficient expresses the concentration of both ionized and non-ionized chemical species of a compound. Here, one of the two immiscible phases is essentially water or an aqueous solution. The other phase is usually a hydrophobic phase that is immiscible with water.
The distribution coefficient, on the other hand, is defined as the solute concentration in the organic solvent divided by the solute concentration in the aqueous phase.
The measured dispersion or partition coefficient is widely used in models to predict the behavior of pollutants in the environment. The division (batch) method is generally used in the laboratory to determine this coefficient and the results are estimated according to the field conditions. The magnitude of this value is a function of the properties of the solid phase, such as mineralogical composition, particle size, and organic carbon content, and the properties of the solution phase, such as pH, ionic strength, or salinity. The influence of these factors is generally discussed in the framework of solution and surface chemistry. However, another factor affecting the dispersion or partition coefficient values is the solid-liquid ratio.
In short, the partition coefficient or distribution coefficient is the ratio of the respective equilibrium concentrations of a chemical in the mixture of two immiscible phases and is also a measure of the difference in the solubility of the chemical in the two phases.
Meanwhile, a particularly useful variable parameter in regional purification is the effective distribution coefficient, which can determine the migration rule of impurities and the purification effect. This value depends on the temperature, the nature of the solute, and the nature of the two solvents, but not on the amount of solute or solvent taken.
Compounds with low boiling points tend to decompose during short retention times. The coefficient of distribution determines the order of decomposition. When a liquid sample is placed in a vial, the analyte evaporates from the liquid phase (solvent) to the gas phase, while some returns to the liquid phase. After a while, equilibrium is reached. Under this condition, the ratio between the concentrations of the solute in the liquid and the gas is constant. This ratio is called the coefficient of distribution.
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