In the “ISO 12048 Packaging - Completed, filled transport packages - Compression and stacking tests using a compression tester” standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
A test method is disclosed for determining the resistance to compression of completed, filled shipping packages. The method is designed to perform a stacking test on completed, filled shipping packages using the same apparatus.
The test method described is used to evaluate the performance of a package, in terms of its strength when subjected to compression forces or its protection of the contents. A test is performed as a single test to investigate the effects of compression or stacking (such as deformation, collapse or failure), or as part of a series of tests designed to measure the ability of a package to withstand a distribution system containing compression or stacking hazards.
This test is also used as a stacking test to determine how a stack will perform under certain loading conditions, such as when the bottom package in a stack rests on an open deck pallet.
When performing this test, in principle, the test package is placed between the plates of a pressure tester and one of the following is done:
A compression tester is used in these tests. This machine is of the motor-driven, platen-type and can apply loads by uniform movement of one or both platens at a relative speed of 10 mm/min plus/minus 3 mm/min. Comparisons between results obtained at 12,5 mm/min plus/minus 2,5 mm/min with those obtained on apparatus operated at other speeds (e.g. 10 mm/min plus/minus 3 mm/min) are not recommended. For certain packaging, such as metal drums or wooden crates, lower speeds may be required to prevent load peaks exceeding the predetermined value.
The test suite is normally populated with the intended contents. However, simulated or mock contents may be used, provided that the dimensions and physical properties of these contents are as close as possible to the intended contents. It is necessary to ensure that the test suite is closed normally as if it were ready for deployment. If simulated or mock contents are used, it is necessary to ensure that the normal closing method is still used.
The package is conditioned in accordance with one of the sets of conditions given in ISO 2233 Packaging - Completed, filled transport packages and unit loads - Preparation for testing. Wherever possible, testing should be carried out under atmospheric conditions identical to those used for conditioning, where this is critical to the materials or application of the package. In other cases, testing should be carried out under atmospheric conditions as close as possible to those used for conditioning. Where possible, testing should be carried out on five replicate packages.
When performing the compression test, the package and its contents are weighed separately, the package is filled, and the external dimensions of the filled package are measured. Then, the test package is placed in the center of the bottom plate of the testing machine in the predetermined position.
If the compression load is not to be applied to the entire surface of the package under test, suitable devices shall be fitted between the package and the plate of the compression tester to simulate the conditions encountered in distribution systems when applying these compression loads. The load shall be applied by relative movement of the plates at an appropriate speed, such that no peaks exceeding the predetermined load are formed, until the predetermined value is reached or collapse occurs, whichever occurs first. If collapse occurs first, the load value reached shall be recorded. When measuring deformation, unless otherwise specified, the initial reading shall be taken at an initial load which is a function of the expected average compressive load according to the table given in the standard.
If necessary, the predetermined load is maintained for a predetermined period of time until collapse occurs, whichever occurs first. If collapse occurs first, the value of the elapsed time is recorded. The load is removed by moving the plates, the package is examined and, if collapse has occurred, its dimensions are measured and the contents are examined for damage. When it is desired to measure the ability of a complete, filled transport package to withstand external compressive loads applied to opposite edges or corners of the package, the above procedure is followed using a test apparatus in which the plates do not bend freely.
The stacking test is performed on a completed, filled transport package using one of the static load application methods in the ISO 2234 standard.
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