Fatigue testing is a method of determining the behavior of materials under fluctuating loads. While testing, a specified average load (which may be zero) and an alternating load are applied to a sample, and the number of cycles required to produce failure (fatigue) is recorded. Generally, this test is repeated with the same samples and various fluctuating loads. Loads can be applied axially, torsional or bending. Depending on the amplitude of the average and cyclic load, the net stress in the sample may be in one direction or in the opposite direction throughout the loading cycle.
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Data from fatigue testing is generally presented in a diagram that is a graph of the number of cycles required to cause failure (fatigue) in a sample against the amplitude of the cyclic stress developed. The cyclic voltage represented can be voltage amplitude, maximum voltage, or minimum voltage. Each curve in the diagram represents a constant average voltage.
Most fatigue tests are performed on bending, rotating beam or vibrating type machines.
In these tests, the standard test method standard for bending fatigue of plastics with ASTM D671 Force constant amplitude developed by the American Testing and Materials Organization (ASTM) is followed. This standard covers the determination of the effect of repetitions of the same magnitude of bending stress on plastics with fixed cantilever type testing machines designed to produce a constant amplitude force on the test specimen at each cycle.
The test method described in this standard is intended to determine the cyclic bending stress that a material can withstand for a specified number of cycles. This test measures a material's ability to withstand cyclic stresses. The test specimen is supported as a cantilever beam and subjected to an alternating force at one end.
Another ASTM standard based on fatigue testing is the ASTM-STP-91-A fatigue test guide and statistical analysis of fatigue data.
Many fatigue test methods are performed on bending, rotating beam, or vibratory type machines. Fatigue crack closure and growth behavior under random loading is investigated by performing various random loading tests.
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