The ASTM E112-13 standard, published by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), defines test methods involving the measurement of average grain size and describes the comparison procedure, the planimetric procedure, and the shear procedure.
The described test methods are also applied to non-metallic materials that have appearances similar to the metallic structures shown in the comparison charts. These test methods are mainly applied to single-phase grain structures, but to determine the average size of a particular grain structure in a polyphase or multicomponent sample.
These test methods are used to determine the average grain size of samples with a unimodal distribution of grain areas, diameters, or lengths of intersection. These test methods do not include methods for characterizing the nature of these distributions. The characterization of the grain size in samples with duplex grain size distributions is subjected to the test methods defined in the ASTM E1181 standard. The measurement of individual and very coarse grains in a fine-grained matrix is described in the ASTM E930 standard.
These test methods are concerned only with the determination of planar grain size, i.e. the characterization of the two-dimensional grain partitions revealed by the section plane. Determination of spatial grain size, ie measuring the size of three-dimensional grains in the sample volume, is not within the scope of these test methods.
These test methods describe techniques performed manually using a standard set of graduated graph displays for the comparison method or simple templates for manual counting methods. The use of semi-automatic digitizing tablets or automatic image analyzers to measure grain size is subject to the test methods described in ASTM E1382.
Briefly, the test methods described in the ASTM E112-13 standard contain rules and estimation procedures for expressing the average grain size of all metals consisting mainly of a single phase. These test methods for determining the average grain size in metallic materials are independent of the metal or alloy involved, due to their geometric basis.
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