The ISO 21010 standard published by the International Standards Organization (ISO) describes gas/material compatibility requirements (such as chemical resistance) for cryogenic containers. However, this standard does not cover mechanical properties (eg for low temperature applications). This standard provides general guidance for compatibility with gases and detailed compatibility requirements for oxygen and oxygen-enriched atmospheres. In addition, this standard describes test methods for determining the oxygen compatibility of metallic and non-metallic materials to be used for cryogenic containers and related equipment.
The ISO 21010 standard focuses on materials that are normally in contact with or may be in contact with cryogenic liquids.
Cryogenic containers are used at a variety of temperatures, from very low to ambient temperatures. When oxygen is excluded, compatibility issues such as corrosion normally arise at ambient temperature and become negligible at cryogenic temperatures. In the case of gases other than oxygen, the ISO 11114 Gas cylinders - Compatibility of gas-containing cylinder and valve materials (metallic materials and non-metallic materials) standards for cryogenic containers is used as a guideline.
The choice of a material to be used in an oxygen-enriched or oxygen-enriched atmosphere primarily depends on an understanding of the conditions that cause the oxygen to react with the material. Most materials in contact with oxygen will not ignite without a source of ignition energy. Ignition and combustion occur when an input rate of energy converted to heat is greater than the rate of heat release and the resulting heat buildup continues for a sufficient time. Therefore, two things are taken into account: the minimum ignition temperature of the material and the energy sources that will provide a sufficient increase in the temperature of the material.
Metallic materials commonly used in the construction of cryogenic containers do not normally show any incompatibility when in contact with oxygen. Plastics, elastomers, lubricants, ceramics, glass and adhesives are non-metallic materials and some of them present a high risk of ignition when in contact with oxygen.
Two test methods are described in the ISO 21010 standard:
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