In the EN 12384 standard, which is a European standard, test methods are described to determine the “E” modulus of elasticity and spring bending limit of the strip in thicknesses from 0,05 mm to (inclusive) 1,0 mm. This standard applies to the strip specified in the EN 1654 standard (EN 1654 Copper and copper alloys - Strip for springs and connectors).
The spring bending limit is defined as the boundary condition under which a standard-sized spring specimen maintains a deformation of 0,05 mm after the initial bending stress and subsequent force relief. Generally, measurements are performed according to the EN 12384 standard. The spring bending limit is largely dependent on the direction of stress in relation to the strip rolling orientation. Higher values are obtained if the bend is perpendicular to the rolling direction compared to parallel. This is taken into account when designing contact springs.
Fatigue strength is a measure of the maximum alternating bending force symmetrical to the zero position at which a sample, such as a relay spring, can undergo an unlimited number of cycles without breaking. As a rule of thumb, fatigue strength is one-third of the tensile strength.
In the automotive industry, copper and copper alloys are primarily used for radiators, brake systems, hydraulic equipment, gears, bearings, brake pads, power distribution and power systems, gaskets, and all kinds of connections, fittings, and accessories. In trains, engines, rectifiers and controls, brakes, electrical and signaling systems also rely on copper and its alloys. Furthermore, railway electrification is a major source of demand for copper and its alloys. Aircraft wiring, hydraulic and pneumatic systems, and cooling systems all require the use of copper. Bearing holders and gear bearings utilize aluminum bronze tubing.
Copper alloy is also used in the marine industry. In warships and merchant ships, copper and copper alloy are commonly used to make aluminum bronze propellers, bolts, rivets, condenser tubes, copper-plated paint, and similar parts.
Among the numerous test, measurement, analysis and evaluation studies it provides for businesses in various sectors, our organization also provides testing services for determining the spring bending limit of copper and copper alloys in the strip, within the scope of EN 12384 standard, with its trained and expert staff and advanced technological equipment.
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