The standard “DIN 51659 Lubricants - Test methods”, developed by the German Institute for Standardization (DIN), consists of a series of standards organized under the same title:
Engine oils are obtained from crude oil and its derivatives by mixing certain chemicals (additives) to improve certain properties. Lubricating oil is used in automobile engines to lubricate the moving parts of the engine, reduce friction, protect, reduce friction, protect against wear and remove contaminants from the engine, remove contaminants from the engine, act as a cleaning agent, and act as a corrosion inhibitor and cooling agent. These oils take on a number of impurities and additional components due to engine wear. These components include metal particles such as iron, steel, copper, lead and zinc, and other compounds such as barium, sulfur, water, dirt, burnt carbon and ash. Many of these are highly toxic in nature, so in order to reuse engine oil, these contaminants must be separated.
A number of additives are used to prevent undesirable properties in engine oil. The main additives for engine oil are substances such as oxidation inhibitors, pour point depressants, coloring agents and corrosion inhibitors. The recycling of used lubricating oils depends largely on the structure of the oil base stock and the nature and quantity of contaminants in the lubricant resulting from the processes. Contaminants come from both the surrounding air and the engine.
Viscosity analysis indicates the presence of different types of contamination in used engine oil. Oxidation and polymerization products in the oil (these products can be both soluble and suspended) will cause the viscosity of the used engine oil to increase, while a decrease in the viscosity of the engine oil indicates fuel contamination.
The kinetic viscosity of used engine oil may increase due to oxidation or contamination, and may also decrease due to dilution with light fuels such as diesel or gasoline. The viscosity of fresh lubricating oil is 90 cP, while that of used engine oil is 120 cP. This indicates the presence of contamination in the used engine oil, while the viscosity values of engine oils refined by the composite solvent method are 94 cP, the viscosity values of engine oils refined by the single solvent method are 98 cP, and the viscosity values of engine oils refined by the acid treatment method are 92 cP. Used oil has a high viscosity due to contamination.
Kinematic viscosity is a measure of the internal resistance of a fluid to flow under gravitational forces. It is determined by measuring the time in seconds required for a fluid to flow by gravity a specified distance through a capillary tube in a calibrated viscometer. Viscosity reporting is only valid when reported at the temperature at which the test was performed.
Of all the tests used for used oil analysis, none provides better test repeatability or consistency than viscosity. Similarly, there is no property more critical to effective component lubrication than base oil viscosity. However, there is more to viscosity than meets the eye. Viscosity can be measured and reported as either dynamic (absolute) viscosity or kinematic viscosity. The two are easily confused, but they are significantly different.
Most used oil analysis laboratories measure and report kinematic viscosity. In contrast, most in situ viscometers measure dynamic viscosity but are programmed to estimate and report kinematic viscosity, so the reported viscosity measurements reflect the kinematic numbers reported by most laboratories and lube oil suppliers.
The term Houillon refers to a special type of capillary tube used to measure viscosity. This method was originally developed for use in lubricant mixing plants and research laboratories that wanted to achieve faster results during the mixing process than existing tubes. The Houillon capillary tube is not “U” shaped, but a straight tube. This is characteristic of the corresponding heating bath design, because the lower part of the tube is not submerged.
Houillon-type capillary tubes are used to determine the viscosity of a wide variety of oils across a broad viscosity range, including lubricating oils, colored oils, used oils, fuels, and similar materials. With a Houillon viscometer, the viscosity of an oil is measured relative to time and a tube constant. Time is measured between two points. The viscosity is then obtained by applying a specific formula. In automatic mode, sample detection begins when the edge of the sample reaches the first cell (high level) and stops when it passes the second cell (low level). The device records the flow time and automatically calculates the viscosity of the sample.
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