Strength is a measure of a material's resistance to permanent deformation or complete fracture under stress. Strong materials can withstand heavy impacts and absorb and dissipate large amounts of energy without breaking. The flexibility of a material does not reflect negatively on its strength, as even the most flexible materials that resist breakage are technically so strong that they are not particularly robust.
Strength in metals can be increased in several ways. Quenching can be used to tighten and strengthen the crystalline structure of a metal, and tempering can be used to remove any attenuation stress within the metal. Tempering is generally applied to relieve stresses during quenching.
The strength of materials is measured in various ways. Two of the most commonly applied measurements are tensile strength and yield strength:
Stiffness is a measure of elasticity and refers to a material's resistance to permanent deformation. Stiffness is closely related to strength. It differs in that brittle materials can be hard but not strong, and softer malleable metals such as lead can be strong but not hard. Stiffness is a material's resistance to bending, while strength is a material's resistance to breaking. Stiffness is measured by finding the Young's modulus of a given material. Young's modulus is measured by dividing the stress acting on a material by the stress it is subjected to.
Hardness is the resistance of a material to surface deformation. Harder surfaces are subjected to greater internal stresses and tend to increase in brittleness, usually due to the unhardened core material, for their structural strength. Since hardness is only a resistance to surface deformation, it is generally only improved at the surface level, as processes that significantly increase core hardness can also lead to brittleness. Hardness can usually be easily removed by surface treatments such as hardening or coating.
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